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mardi 22 février 2011

list of English verbs and prepositions

English verbs and prepositions

accuse someone of something
"He accused her of stealing."

agree with someone / something
"I agree with you – you are absolutely right."

agree to do something
"She agreed to wait for him."

agree on something
"We've agreed on all the major points."

apply for
"I'm going to apply for a new job."

apologise for something
"She apologised for being late."

ask someone to do something
"She asked him to do the shopping for her."

ask someone for something
"She asked her boss for a day off."

believe in
"I believe in hard work."

belong to
"This pen belongs to me."

blame someone for doing something
"He blamed her for driving too fast."

blame something on someone
"He blamed the accident on her."

borrow something from someone
"He borrowed some money from the bank."

care about something
"I don't care about money."

care for someone
"She really cares for her grandmother."

take care of something / someone
"Please take care of yourself on holiday."

complain to someone (about something)
"He complained to her about the food."

concentrate on something
"The student concentrated on her homework."

congratulate someone on doing something
"He congratulated her on passing her exam."

consist of something
"The department consists of five people."

depend on someone
"She depended on her friends for support."

explain something to someone
"She explained the new system to them."

listen to someone
"The students listened to their teacher."

look at something
"Look at that view – it's wonderful."

look for something / someone
"Will you help me look for my book?"

look after someone
"I need to look after my mother – she's ill."

pay someone for something
"Can you pay me for the shopping later?"

prefer someone / something to someone
"I prefer coffee to tea."

protect someone from something
"A scarf will protect you from the cold."

provide someone with something
"They provide families with housing."

regard someone as
"She regarded her sister as her best friend."

rely on someone / something
"Can I rely on you to get the shopping?"

search for someone / something
"The police searched the building for bombs."

spend money / time on
"I spent all my money on books as a student."

think about someone / something
"I think about you all the time."

think about / of doing something
"I'm thinking about / of buying a new car."

think of something
"I've just thought of a new idea."
"What do you think of the new magazine?"

translate from something into something else
"Don't translate from English into French."

wait for someone
"I waited an hour for him, then went home."

warn someone about
"The doctor warned her about smoking."

Learn English Prepositions and Verbs


apologise for something"She apologised for being late."
ask someone to do something"She asked him to do the shopping for her."
ask someone for something"She asked her boss for a day off."
believe in"I believe in hard work."
belong to"This pen belongs to me."
blame someone for doing something"He blamed her for driving too fast."
blame something on someone"He blamed the accident on her."
borrow something from someone"He borrowed some money from the bank."
care about something"I don't care about money."
care for someone"She really cares for her grandmother."
take care of something / someone"Please take care of yourself on holiday."
complain to someone (about something)"He complained to her about the food."
concentrate on something"The student concentrated on her homework."
congratulate someone on doing something"He congratulated her on passing her exam."
consist of something"The department consists of five people."
depend on someone"She depended on her friends for support."

How to use the present perfect tenses in English


When do you use the Past Simple ("I did") and the Present Perfect ("I have done")?The tense you choose depends on how you consider the event. Is it finished, or is there still a connection to the present?
If you use the Past Simple ("I did"), you consider the event or events as finished and in the past. This tense is often used with a time reference: last year, last week, in 1991, this morning (if it's now the afternoon) and so on.
With the Present Perfect ("I have done"), there is a connection to the present.
For example, "I have lived here for five years." (I still live here.)
Uses of the Present Perfect
When the past affects the present
"I've lost my wallet."This means that you have lost your wallet (sometime in the past, but we don't know when), but what is really important is that you don't have it now, at the time of speaking.
If instead, you say "I lost my wallet", people understand that you lost it, but not that it affects the present. They expect you to tell them about the time that you lost the wallet.
We use the Present Perfect tense to show that something has a result or a connection to now. This means that it's used to give news.
"The Euro slips!"(headline)
"The Euro has slipped against the pound again."(news report)
"My sister has had a baby." (announcing news)
Experiences
Your experiences make you the person you are now. We don't use dates and times to give information on what makes you this person.
"I've been to New Zealand." (I know something about New Zealand.)
We often ask questions about people's experiences with ever. For example, "Have you ever been white-water rafting?"
States or activities that started in the past, which have continued up to now and will probably continue into the future.
"I have worked here for five years."
"I have lived here since 1994."
Use since to give the date that an activity or state started and use for to give the period of time the activity or state has lasted.
Recent past
"Have you finished yet?"
"I've already written the report." (Here it is.)
In these type of examples, we often use yet, already still, just and recently.
Note: American English uses the Past Simple instead of the Present Perfect in these examples. For instance, "Did you eat yet?"
Using both tenses in a conversation
"Have you travelled much?"
"Yes, I've been to the USA."
"Oh really? When did you go?"
The first question and the reply concern a person's experience, so they use the Present Perfect. But the second question asks for more information about the experience. Because it refers to a past time (when the person went to the USA), the Past Simple is used.
The conversation could continue:
"Oh really? When did you go?"
"Two years ago. I visited a friend in California, but I only stayed a week."
"Did you like it?"
"Yes, it was a fantastic trip."
How to use the Present Perfect Continuous.
Temporary situations
Like the Present Continuous and Past Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous is used to talk about activities or states that are temporary, rather than permanent.
Compare:
"I have been the Marketing Manager for five years." (This is my job.)
"I've been working on a new customer database." (This is a temporary project.)
Unfinished situations
"I've been writing letters all morning." (I still haven't finished them.)
"This morning I've written three letters." (They are all finished.)
Repeated and continuous actions
"No wonder you're not hungry. You've been eating sweets for the last hour." (One sweet after another.)

Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands,warning or instructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of an English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). For example:


Give me that tape, please.To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"

For example:


Come here!

Sit down!To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
For example:


Don't go!

Do not walk on the grass.You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".
For example:


Let's stop now.

Let's have some lunch.
Let's not argue
Let's not tell her about it.Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:
For example:

Sit down now!

* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now". Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:
For example:

Sit down now!

* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
Watch out!
Look out!
Don't cross!Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.
For example:

Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood.

Don't drink alcohol
Don't eat heavy mealsRequests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
For example:

Please take a seat.

Please wait here.
Please hold the line.
Please don't smoke here

Interrogative Sentence


An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence which usually asks a question and use a question mark (?). They may ask for information or for confirmation or denial of a statement. They typically begin with a question word such as what, who, or how, or an auxiliary verb such as do/does, can or would.

For example:


Do you speak French?

Will you go to the supermarket for me?
How can I do that

Exclamative Sentence


Exclamative sentences are used to make exclamations. These are also referred to as exclamative sentences or exclamatives. These are used to express strong feelings, strong emphasis or emotion.


Exclamative sentence can begin with "what" or "how"

For example


What a naughty dog he is!

What an amazing game that was!
How well everyone played!Examples
What a stupid man he is!
What a surprise!
What a nice hat you've got!
How wonderful you look!
I hate homework!

Ditransitive Verb


A ditransitive verb is one that takes two complements, a direct object and an indirect object at the same time.
Examples

He gave her the letter.

* "The letter" is the direct object, what he gave, and "her" is the indirect object, the person he gave it to. Examples

He gave her the letter.

* "The letter" is the direct object, what he gave, and "her" is the indirect object, the person he gave it to.
Robin gave Linda a book.
The teacher asked James a question.
That horrid music gave me a headache.

Denominal Adjective


Denominal adjectives are adjectives derived from nouns.


For example:

* A mathematical puzzle. (a puzzle based on mathematics)
* A biological experiment. (an experiment in biology)
* A wooden boat. (a boat made of wood)

Denominals include adjectives which refer to nationality:

* A Russian lady. (a lady who comes from Russia)
* German goods. (goods produced in Germany).

Denominal adjectives of this type should be carefully distinguished from nominal adjectives denoting nationalities.

* Nominal Adjective: The French are noted for their wines
* Denominal Adjective: The French people are noted for their wines

Examples:

* Friday is a buzy day for me.
* The Chinese Embassy is just down de road.
* The Prime Minister is a close friend of mine.

Demonstrative pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun


Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point to specific things. "This, that, these, those, none and neither" are Demonstrative Pronouns that substitute nouns when the nouns they replace can be understood from the context.

At the same time, to indicate whether they are close or far, in space or time, from the speaker in the moment of speaking. They also indicate whether they are replacing singular or plural words. Some grammars describe them as members of the class of function words called "determiners", since they identify nouns and other nominals.

* "This" (singular) and "These" (plural) refer to an object or person NEAR the speaker.
* "That" (singular) and "Those" (plural) refer to an object or person further AWAY.

For example:

* This is unbelievable.
* In this example, "this" can refer to an object or situation close in space or in time to the speaker.
* That is unbelievable.
* In this example, "that" can refer to an object or situation farther in space or in time to the speaker.
* These are unbelievable.
* In this example, "these" can refer to some objects close in space or in time to the speaker.
* Those are unbelievable.
* In this example, "those" can refer to some objects farther in space or in time to the speaker.

Position

* Before the noun.
* Before the word 'one'.
* Before an adjective + noun.
* Alone when the noun is 'understood'

Examples

* Who owns that house? (distant - physical )
* Is this John's house? (near - physical )
* That's nothing to do with me.. (distant - psychological )
* This is a nice surprise! (near - psychological )

Definite article

Definite article

A member of the class of "determiners" that restricts or particularizes a noun, it is used to restrict the meaning of a noun to make it refer to something that is known by both the speaker or writer and the listener or reader. Articles in English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or number of the noun they refer to. "The" is the definite article is English.

For example:

    * He's gone to the shops.
      * Here the listener knows which shops I mean

Notes:
You use "the" when you know that the listener knows or can work out what particular person/thing you are talking about.

For example:

    * The apple you ate was rotten.
    * Did you lock the car?

You should also use "the" when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.

For example:

    * She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen.
    * An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, andthe elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.

We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe.

For example:

    * the North Pole, the equator.

We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas.

For example:

    * the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel

We also use the before certain nouns when we know there is only one of a particular thing.

For example:

    * the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc..

It can be used to refer to a group.

For example:

    * the Japanese, the old
    * The car has changed our way of living.

Before superlatives and ordinal numbers.

For example:

    * the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.

In sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object.

For example:

    * The man who wrote this book is famous.
    * My house is the one with a blue door.

With decades, or groups of years.

For example:

    * He grew up in the seventies

Common noun

Common noun


A common noun is a word that names people, places, things, or ideas. They are not the names of a single person, place or thing. A common noun begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence.

Examples:

* People: man, woman, girl, baby, son, dughther, policeman, teacher
* Animals: cat, dog, fish, ant, snake
* Things: bear, book, boat, table, chair, phone
* Places: bank, school, city, building, shop
* Ideas: love, hate, idea, pride

How do I make a compound sentence?

compound sentence

When you have two or more short, independent, simple sentences which are of equal weight you can join them together using special words called conjunctions.
e.g. 'I hate curry.' is a simple sentence.
'I like Thai food.' is also a simple sentence.
You can put these together to make one, longer and more interesting compound sentence using a conjunction -
'I hate curry' + but + 'I like Thai food' = 'I hate curry, but I like Thai food.'

* Junctions join two or more roads together, so we use conjunctions to join two or more short sentences together
* Commas are not conjunctions and they should never be used to join short sentences together (commas aren't sticky, so you can't use them to stick information together!).
* These are the most common conjunctions:

and, as, but, or, so

* Try to avoid using the same conjunction over and over again. It is much better to 'mix and match'.

Complex sentences

Complex sentences in Grammar

Constant use of short sentences can be a bit strange to read.
To make your writing more interesting, you can use two other sorts of longer sentences. Factsheet 1 looked at 'compound' sentences. This factsheet looks at 'complex' sentence.

How do I make a complex sentence?

When you make a compound sentence (see factsheet 1) you are joining two or more simple sentences together with a conjunction. If you took the conjunction away, the sentences would be complete and they would still make sense.
e.g. 'I hate curry, but I like Thai food.'= 'I hate curry' + but + 'I like Thai food'
This isn't the same for complex sentences. Complex sentences don't just divide into neat, complete, simple sentences if you take out the conjunctions. In complex sentences the conjunction is used to join together clauses. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Some of these clauses might be complete short sentences, but in a complex sentence at least one of them will depend on the conjunction for its meaning.
In other words, if you take the conjunction away, the sentence won't divide into complete units that make sense by themselves.
e.g. 'The dinner was burned because she had forgotten it.'
= 'The dinner was burned' + 'because' + 'she had forgotten it.'
This is a complex sentence:

* 'The dinner was burned' = complete, short sentence
* 'because' = conjunction (joining word)
* 'she had forgotten it' = subordinate clause. This doesn't make sense on its own. What had she forgotten? This is called a 'subordinate clause' because without the rest of the sentence it doesn't really make sense.

'Although I'm not very good, I really enjoy playing football.'
= 'Although' + 'I'm not very good' + 'I really enjoy playing football.'
Again, this is a complex sentence:

* 'Although' = conjunction (joining word). Yes, sometimes conjunctions can appear at the beginning of a sentence!
* 'I'm not very good' = subordinate clause. This doesn't make sense on its own. What are you not very good at? This is called a 'subordinate clause' because without the rest of the sentence it doesn't really make sense.
* 'I enjoy playing football' = complete short sentence

adjectives in english

Adjectives are describing words - they tell you more about nouns.
Nouns are 'naming' words, they are a person, place or thing.

Adjectives tell you more about the noun. Using adjectives makes your sentences more interesting.
The pretty girls laughed.
In this sentence:
'girls' is the noun (it says who's laughing).
'pretty' is the adjective (it says more about the noun).
Here are some more sentences with nouns and adjectives.

* The fat captain ate dinner.
* Sam is blonde and gorgeous.
* Old Hani and I drove up the big hill.

Remember that adjectives tell you about the noun, they describe the noun. Don't confuse adjectives with adverbs. Adverbs describe the verb, they tell you more about an action - eg: 'he laughed loudly'.
Remember that adjectives usually come before the noun.
You can use more than one adjective if you need to. Eg:
The tall, bright, beautiful waitress picked up the dark, dirty coffee.

There are rules about the order that you should put adjectives in when you use more than one, but the best way to know is to say the sentence to yourself. Does it sound right?

three things To help you make sentences

1. A sentence is a group of words that makes sense on its own.
Cheese, car, house, table on Tuesday.
This isn't a sentence - it doesn't make sense.
I parked my car next to my house.
This is a sentence. You can understand what it means. It makes sense on its own.
2. When you are writing you need to use the right sentence punctuation.
Using punctuation will show the person who is reading your writing where the sentences begin and end.

* A sentence must begin with a capital letter.
* A sentence must end with a full-stop (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!).

BEWARE! Sometimes people confuse the punctuation to use at the end of a sentence. You can use commas (,), colons (:) or semicolons (;) in your writing, but they should never be used instead of a full-stop.
3. A sentence also needs two kinds of words in it:

* A sentence must have a VERB (a doing word).
e.g. like, is, cooking, walked, need.
* A sentence must also have a SUBJECT. This is the person, or the thing, that is doing the verb.
e.g. I, Beppe, Tuesday, dog, you, table, the weather,.

Here are some examples of sentences that show you the verbs and the subjects:
Last week Peggy redecorated the pub.
Are you hungry yet?
Martin , be quiet.
Tuesday was very rainy and cold.
Other things to know about sentences:
Sentences can be very short, or very long. There is no correct number of words that should be in a sentence. The length of the sentence depends on what you want to say and the effect you want to get.
BEWARE! If your sentences go on for many lines, make sure that you haven't really put several sentences together as one sentence.
It's important to remember that you don't always need to write in sentences. For example, a shopping list doesn't need sentences, but a job application does.

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